@article {576966,
	title = {Validating Arguments for Observational Instruments: Attending to Multiple Sources of Variation},
	journal = {Educational Assessment},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1-19},
	abstract = {<p>Measurement scholars have recently constructed validity arguments in support of a variety of educational assessments, including classroom observation instruments. In this article, we note that users must examine the robustness of validity arguments to variation in the implementation of these instruments. We illustrate how such an analysis might be used to assess a validity argument constructed for the Mathematical Quality of Instruction instrument, focusing in particular on the effects of varying the rater pool, subject matter content, observation procedure, and district context. Variation in the subject matter content of lessons did not affect rater agreement with master scores, but the evaluation of other portions of the validity argument varied according to the composition of the rater pool, observation procedure, and district context. These results demonstrate the need for conducting such analyses, especially for classroom observation instruments that are subject to multiple sources of variation</p>},
	author = {Heather C. Hill and Charalambos Y. Charalambous and David Blazar and Daniel McGinn and Matthew A. Kraft and Mary Beisiegel and Andrea Humez and Erica Litke and Katherine Lynch}
}
