#  Using a Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) to Develop an Adaptive K-2 Literacy Intervention with Personalized Print Texts and App-Based Digital Activities 

 



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 **Date:** 11/10/2025 

 

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This CEPR READS Lab brief describes a summer literacy study using a **Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART)** to refine the **Model of Reading Engagement (MORE)** program for K–2 students. Researchers tested whether providing students with conceptually coherent, grade-level texts on topics studied in class—rather than leveled books—could improve reading outcomes, and whether adding gamification and family text reminders would increase engagement. Findings showed that reading challenging, topically related texts did not negatively impact performance and may improve comprehension, while combining gamification with text messaging significantly boosted fall reading scores. The study highlights how adaptive designs can inform personalized, family-supported literacy programs.

*Read more about the READS Lab at* [*readslab.org/research.*](https://readslab.org/research)



 

 

 See also:- [ Data Analyst ](/audience/data-analyst)
- [ Parent ](/audience/parent)
- [ Researcher ](/audience/researcher)
- [ Reading Instruction ](/focus-areas/reading-instruction)
- [ MORE (Model of Reading Engagement)/READS Lab ](/projects/more-model-reading-engagement)
- [ Research and Reports ](/resource-type/research-report)
- [ 2019 ](/year/2019)
- [ K12 ](/sector/k12)